Complete Bertrand proof · parallel reading edition

Bertrand’s postulate with defined notation

Explore every theorem in the complete native-PA proof together with genuine conservative definitions for binomial and central binomial coefficients, primorials, prime-power valuations, Legendre sums, factorials, and integer square-root bounds.

544 theorems · 28 definitions · 1917 proof edges
572 entries
PD0001 · Le

Witness-defined non-strict order on natural numbers.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0002 · Lt

Witness-defined strict order on natural numbers.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0003 · Dvd

The natural number d divides n.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0004 · Prime

p is nonunit and every factorization of p has a unit factor.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0005 · Coprime

Every common divisor of a and b is one.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0006 · IsGCD

g is a common divisor divisible by every common divisor.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0007 · DivRem

q and r are a quotient and a strict remainder for n by d.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0008 · ModEq

Balanced-natural congruence modulo m.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0013 · BetaAt

x is the bounded beta-decoded value at index i.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0014 · Product

z is the product of a beta-coded prefix of length l.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0015 · Sum

z is the sum of a beta-coded prefix of length l.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0016 · AllBits

Every decoded entry below l is zero or one.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0017 · BitCount

z is the sum of a beta-coded all-bit prefix.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0018 · Range

The decoded prefix is a,a+1,...,a+l-1.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0019 · Repeat

The decoded prefix repeats a for l positions.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0020 · Pow

z is the relational e-th power of a.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0041 · Choose

z is the recurrence-defined binomial coefficient of row n and column k.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0042 · CentralBinom

z is the central binomial coefficient Choose(2n,n).

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0043 · Primorial

z is the finite product of the primes at most n.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0049 · PowerQuotPrefix

The beta-coded prefix stores the quotients of n by the first l positive powers of p.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0050 · LegendreSum

e is the finite Legendre sum of the quotients of n by positive powers of p.

conservative definition · not a theorem
PD0051 · FloorSqrt

s is the integer floor square root: s² ≤ n < (s+1)².

conservative definition · not a theorem
BT0000 · zero_add

Zero is a left identity for addition; unlike PA3, this needs induction.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 0 definitions
BT0005 · mul_succ_left

A successor can move through multiplication on the left.

theorem · proof layer 2 · 0 definitions
BT0007 · mul_add

Multiplication distributes over addition on the right.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 0 definitions
BT0009 · one_mul

One is a left identity for multiplication.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 0 definitions
BT000A · mul_one

One is a right identity for multiplication.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 0 definitions
BT000B · add_mul

Multiplication distributes over addition on the left.

theorem · proof layer 4 · 0 definitions
BT000E · le_refl

The defined order is reflexive; zero is its witness.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 1 definitions
BT000F · le_trans

Order witnesses compose by addition, so the defined order is transitive.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 1 definitions
BT000J · le_antisymm

The witness-defined order is antisymmetric.

theorem · proof layer 3 · 1 definitions
BT000K · le_total

Every pair of natural numbers is comparable in the defined order.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 1 definitions
BT000M · mul_eq_zero

Zero products have a zero factor: the 23-entry core capstone.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 0 definitions
BT000Q · zero_or_succ

Every natural is either zero or the successor of a natural.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 0 definitions
BT000S · add_congr

Addition preserves equality in both arguments.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 0 definitions
BT000T · mul_congr

Multiplication preserves equality in both arguments.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 0 definitions
BT000W · zero_le

Zero is below every natural number.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 1 definitions
BT000Y · le_zero

Only zero is less than or equal to zero.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 1 definitions
BT0012 · le_add_left

Adding on the left produces an explicit order witness.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 1 definitions
BT0013 · le_add_right

Adding on the right produces an explicit order witness.

theorem · proof layer 2 · 1 definitions
BT0014 · add_le_add_right

Adding the same right summand preserves the witness-defined order.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 1 definitions
BT0015 · add_le_add_left

Adding the same left summand preserves the witness-defined order.

theorem · proof layer 2 · 1 definitions
BT0018 · le_succ

A weak inequality remains true after raising its upper bound by one.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 1 definitions
BT0019 · lt_to_le

A witnessed strict inequality entails the corresponding weak inequality.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 2 definitions
BT001C · le_eq_or_lt

A witnessed inequality is either equality or a witnessed strict inequality.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 2 definitions
BT001G · le_or_lt

Any two naturals satisfy weak order in one direction or strict order in the other.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 2 definitions
BT001H · lt_trichotomy

Two naturals are equal or strictly ordered in exactly one displayed direction.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 1 definitions
BT001I · lt_not_le

A strict inequality excludes the reverse weak inequality.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 2 definitions
BT001J · le_not_lt

A weak inequality excludes strict inequality in the reverse direction.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 2 definitions
BT001K · lt_not_eq_add_middle

A strict upper bound prevents the lower term from containing that bound as an additive middle block.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 1 definitions
BT0021 · mul_ne_zero

A product of two nonzero naturals is nonzero.

theorem · proof layer 2 · 0 definitions
BT0025 · prime_two

Two is prime in the expanded first-order prime predicate.

theorem · proof layer 4 · 1 definitions
BT002H · divides_remainder

A common divisor of a dividend and divisor also divides the remainder.

theorem · proof layer 3 · 1 definitions
BT002I · divides_linear_step

A common divisor of a divisor and remainder divides their Euclidean linear step.

theorem · proof layer 3 · 1 definitions
BT002U · gcd_exists_up_to

Bounded induction constructs a relational gcd whenever the right input is at most the bound.

theorem · proof layer 5 · 4 definitions
BT002W · coprime_symm

Coprimality in its expanded common-divisor form is symmetric.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 1 definitions
BT002X · coprime_one_right

Every natural is coprime to one in the expanded common-divisor relation.

theorem · proof layer 3 · 1 definitions
BT002Y · coprime_one_left

One is coprime to every natural in the expanded common-divisor relation.

theorem · proof layer 3 · 1 definitions
BT003A · eq_decidable

Equality of natural numbers is constructively decidable.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 0 definitions
BT003C · multiple_decidable

Divisibility of natural numbers is constructively decidable, including the zero divisor case.

theorem · proof layer 6 · 1 definitions
BT003E · factor_search_up_to

Constructively decide whether a nonzero natural has a bounded nontrivial factor pair.

theorem · proof layer 6 · 2 definitions
BT003F · prime_or_composite

Every nonzero nonunit natural is constructively prime or has a nontrivial factor pair.

theorem · proof layer 7 · 2 definitions
BT003H · prime_decidable

Primality of every natural number is constructively decidable.

theorem · proof layer 8 · 1 definitions
BT003J · proper_factor_lt

A factor with a nonunit cofactor is strictly smaller than a nonzero product.

theorem · proof layer 4 · 2 definitions
BT003R · mod_eq_add

Balanced natural congruence respects addition.

theorem · proof layer 3 · 1 definitions
BT003S · mod_eq_mul_right

Balanced congruence is preserved by multiplication on the right.

theorem · proof layer 5 · 1 definitions
BT003T · mod_eq_mul_left

Balanced congruence is preserved by multiplication on the left.

theorem · proof layer 6 · 1 definitions
BT0041 · beta_at_exists

Every Gödel-beta position has a bounded decoded residue.

theorem · proof layer 4 · 2 definitions
BT0042 · beta_at_unique

The decoded residue at a Gödel-beta position is unique.

theorem · proof layer 5 · 1 definitions
BT004C · bezout_mod_left

A balanced Bezout identity selects the right coefficient modulo the left modulus.

theorem · proof layer 2 · 1 definitions
BT004D · bezout_mod_right

A balanced Bezout identity selects the left coefficient modulo the right modulus.

theorem · proof layer 1 · 1 definitions
BT004F · binary_crt

Constructive binary CRT for positive coprime natural moduli using balanced congruence.

theorem · proof layer 9 · 2 definitions
BT004R · coprime_mul_left

Coprimality with a fixed right operand is closed under multiplication on the left.

theorem · proof layer 10 · 2 definitions
BT004S · coprime_mul_right

Coprimality with a fixed left operand is closed under multiplication on the right.

theorem · proof layer 11 · 1 definitions
BT004U · binary_crt_fold_step

One binary CRT extension preserves every old congruence whose modulus divides the accumulated product.

theorem · proof layer 10 · 3 definitions
BT005D · beta_prefix_extend

Rebase an arbitrary decoded prefix and append one exact natural value.

theorem · proof layer 16 · 6 definitions
BT005F · beta_product_exists

Every finite decoded beta prefix has an exact relational product and a coded trace.

theorem · proof layer 18 · 3 definitions
BT006N · prime_three

Three is prime in the expanded first-order prime predicate.

theorem · proof layer 3 · 1 definitions
BT0072 · parity_cases

Every natural has a constructive even-or-odd witness.

theorem · proof layer 0 · 0 definitions
BT0080 · pow_exists

Every base and exponent have a relational finite-product power.

theorem · proof layer 19 · 2 definitions
BT0081 · pow_zero

The relational zeroth power is one.

theorem · proof layer 7 · 1 definitions
BT0094 · pow_one

The relational first power of a natural is the natural itself.

theorem · proof layer 9 · 1 definitions
BT0097 · lt_three_cases

Every natural strictly below three is zero, one, or two.

theorem · proof layer 2 · 2 definitions
BT009W · pow_two

The relational second power is exactly the square.

theorem · proof layer 11 · 1 definitions
BT009X · pow_add

Relational powers turn addition of exponents into multiplication.

theorem · proof layer 9 · 1 definitions
BT00MY · add_shuffle_middle

Four additive contributions can be regrouped by swapping the middle pair.

theorem · proof layer 3 · 0 definitions
BT00PV · mul_le_mul

Multiplication is monotone in both natural-number arguments.

theorem · proof layer 6 · 1 definitions
BT00Q0 · one_le_pow

Every relational power of a base at least one is at least one.

theorem · proof layer 8 · 3 definitions
BT00QD · prime_two_le

Every prime is at least two in witness-defined order.

theorem · proof layer 3 · 2 definitions
BT00QV · pow_mul_base

A relational power of a product is the product of the powers.

theorem · proof layer 8 · 1 definitions
BT00RA · floor_sqrt_total

Every natural lies in a constructively selected adjacent-square interval.

theorem · proof layer 7 · 2 definitions
BT00T8 · choose_exists

The recurrence-defined Choose relation has a value for every pair.

theorem · proof layer 21 · 3 definitions
BT00TE · choose_zero

The zeroth entry of every Pascal row is one.

theorem · proof layer 6 · 3 definitions
BT00TG · choose_self

The recurrence-defined diagonal binomial coefficient is one.

theorem · proof layer 7 · 3 definitions
BT00TL · choose_symmetry

Complementary columns have equal relational Choose values.

theorem · proof layer 22 · 1 definitions
BT00X8 · bertrand_main_inequality_nat

The public B6 surface retains n+n and reaches the factorized internal theorem through five checked equality rewrites.

theorem · proof layer 23 · 4 definitions
BT011F · prime_five

A native checked trial-division certificate for 5.

theorem · proof layer 12 · 3 definitions
BT011G · prime_seven

A native checked trial-division certificate for 7.

theorem · proof layer 12 · 3 definitions